Scheduling

@Cron marks a DI-managed async method to run on a schedule. The application-facing decorator is the same in local processes and wasmCloud deployments. Locally, the container starts in-process timers when the service is resolved. In a wasmCloud deployment the plugin disables those timers and Kubernetes CronJobs privately invoke the method.

There is no di-framework cron command. Discovery, invoker generation, and CronJob manifests are part of di-framework wasmcloud build/deploy.

Installation

bun add @di-framework/core

import { Component, Container, Cron } from '@di-framework/core/decorators';

Cron is also exported from @di-framework/core/cron and @di-framework/core.

Declare a scheduled method

@Container()
export class MaintenanceService {
  @Component(DatabaseRepository)
  public db!: DatabaseRepository;

  @Cron('0 2 * * *', {
    name: 'nightly-prune',
    description: 'Purges expired database session records nightly',
    allowConcurrent: false,
    timeoutMs: 10000,
  })
  public async purgeExpiredSessions(): Promise<{ pruned: number }> {
    const summary = await this.db.deleteExpiredRecords();
    return { pruned: summary.deletedCount };
  }

  @Cron(30000, { name: 'health-heartbeat' })
  public async heartbeat(): Promise<void> {
    await this.db.ping();
  }
}

The scheduled-worker example runs two jobs (nightly-prune at 02:00 and partition-rebalance every 15 minutes) with "ingress": false in di-framework.config.json.

bun test examples/scheduled-worker/tests/

Schedule expressions

@Cron(schedule, options?) accepts:

A 5-field cron string: minute hour dayOfMonth month dayOfWeek
A numeric interval in milliseconds

Supported field syntax: *, */N, N,M, N-M, and exact N. Anything other than five space-separated fields throws:

Invalid cron expression "...": expected 5 fields (minute hour dayOfMonth month dayOfWeek)

Not supported: seconds / 6–7 fields, @hourly/@daily, ?, month or day names (MON), CRON_TZ=…, Sunday-as-7.

There is no timeZone option. In-process matching uses the process local Date fields, not UTC and not an IANA zone. Generated Kubernetes CronJobs use the cluster controller timezone.

Options

Field	Default	Behavior
`name`	`${className}.${methodName}`	Stable job id used by `invokeCronJob` and wasmCloud CronJobs
`allowConcurrent`	`false`	Overlapping `invokeCronJob` calls skip (or throw with `throwOnError`)
`description`	—	Human-readable only; unused at runtime
`timeoutMs`	—	Max wait on `invokeCronJob`. Does not cancel the running method

Jobs register when the owning service is resolved. allowConcurrent and timeoutMs apply to the invoke path, not to in-process setInterval/setTimeout timers.

Numeric intervals in deployment

Locally, @Cron(30000) is a 30-second setInterval. For external schedulers the expression is normalized to whole minutes:

mins = max(1, round(schedule / 60000))
1 minute → * * * * *
N minutes → */N * * * *

Sub-minute intervals are rounded, not rejected. @Cron(30000) becomes every minute on wasmCloud.

In-process versus external mode

CronMode is 'in-process' | 'external'.

Default: process.env.DI_CRON_MODE === 'external' ? 'external' : 'in-process'
container.setCronMode(mode) must run before resolve, or timers already started
container.getCronMode()/container.isExternalCron()

In-process: numeric schedules use setInterval; cron strings chain setTimeout (next fire is at least one minute after now). Errors log [Cron] Class.method threw and the schedule continues. Multiple processes or replicas each fire independently.

External: the job is still registered, but no in-component timers start. wasmCloud sets DI_CRON_MODE=external on the workload whenever jobs are discovered, and the generated invoker calls container.setCronMode('external') before invokeCronJob.

Exactly-once execution is not promised. External mode is “Kubernetes fires, the component runs the method if reachable,” plus skip-on-overlap when allowConcurrent is false.

Manual invocation and tests

There is no controllable cron clock. Tests call invokeCronJob instead of waiting for timers. CronRuntime is a process singleton; tests should call CronRuntime.reset() in beforeEach/afterEach.

const result = await container.invokeCronJob<MaintenanceReport>('nightly-prune');
console.log(result.success, result.durationMs, result.status);

CronExecutionResult fields: jobId, status (success | failure | skipped), success, startedAt, completedAt, durationMs, optional result/error/reason.

Default: failures return status: 'failure' (no throw)
{ throwOnError: true } throws CronExecutionError or CronConcurrencyError
Unknown id always throws CronJobNotFoundError (lists available ids)
Concurrent invoke with allowConcurrent: false returns status: 'skipped'

The scheduled method is always called with zero arguments. CronInvocationContext (timestamp, source, metadata) is unused by the runtime.

Also available: container.getCronJobs(), container.stopCronJobs(), CronRuntime.current.getStatusReports(). container.clear() stops timers and drops registrations (the tested reload path). ApplicationContext.stop() calls stopCronJobs().

There is no runtime API to change a schedule. Edit @Cron, rebuild, and redeploy.

Scheduled-only applications

{
  "name": "scheduled-worker",
  "entry": "src/index.ts",
  "ingress": false
}

http: false is treated the same as ingress: false.

When jobs exist, the wasmCloud plugin still exports wasi:http/[email protected] and still emits a ClusterIP Service on port 80 so CronJobs can POST to /_di/cron/{jobId}/invoke. Public ingress (HTTP URL/host in the deploy result) is omitted. The application fetch handler is not required for scheduling; control routes are intercepted before the app handler.

The default export must expose the DI container:

export { container };
// or
export default { container };

wasmCloud CronJobs

di-framework wasmcloud build discovers @Cron(...) calls with a string or numeric literal under src/ (otherwise the project root). Dynamic schedules are skipped. Duplicate jobId values keep the first file.

Deploy applies one Kubernetes batch/v1 CronJob per job:

Name {witName}-{kebab-job-id}
concurrencyPolicy: Forbid or Allow from allowConcurrent
curl POST to http://{name}.{ns}.svc.cluster.local/_di/cron/{jobId}/invoke with Authorization: Bearer from the workload control secret
Default invoke timeout 30s when timeoutMs is omitted
Workload spec.replicas: 1

di-framework wasmcloud destroy deletes WorkloadDeployment,service,cronjob labeled app.kubernetes.io/name=<witName>. Redeploy kubectl applys the regenerated manifest; jobs removed from source are not pruned except via destroy.

Deployed HTTP workloads always receive DI_CONTROL_TOKEN. Unconfigured local/dev may invoke without a token, but never administer. Control paths are not reachable through public ingress. See Control HTTP.

A failed or skipped CronExecutionResult (or a thrown invoke) returns HTTP 500 with a generic Cron job failed body so the Kubernetes job does not record success. The response does not echo error.message.

di-framework wasmcloud dev serves locally and does not generate Kubernetes CronJobs. doctor does not check cron configuration.

Overlap, retries, missed runs

Concern	Implemented behavior
Application-wide vs per-replica	Generated workloads use `replicas: 1`. External CronJobs are cluster-wide. In-process mode is per resolved instance.
Overlap	`allowConcurrent: false` skips a second `invokeCronJob`. In-process timers ignore this flag.
Timeouts	`timeoutMs` races the invoke; the running method is not cancelled.
Retries	No application-level retry option. Kubernetes Job `restartPolicy: OnFailure` restarts the curl pod.
Missed runs	No catch-up. In-process next fire is computed from now.
Restart	After a skipped overlap, a later invoke succeeds.

Troubleshooting

Symptom	Cause
Job never fires locally	Service not resolved; or `DI_CRON_MODE=external`
Duplicate fires in deployment	In-process timers still running; confirm `DI_CRON_MODE=external`
`CronJobNotFoundError`	`name`/`Class.method` mismatch; or the service was never resolved
Invalid cron expression	Not five fields
wasmCloud skips a job	Non-literal `@Cron` argument
HTTP 500 on invoke	Job returned `status: 'failure'` or `'skipped'`, or the invoker threw. Inspect the method; the HTTP body is generic.

Next steps

Advanced Usage - Container patterns used by scheduled services
Testing - Isolated containers and CronRuntime.reset()
wasmCloud - Build and deploy the generated CronJobs
CLI - Canonical command tree (cron is not a built-in group)

Last modified: 15 September 2026